Studies show that not all individuals develop a strong immune response after COVID-19 infection or vaccination, especially those who have an immunocompromising condition due to disease, medical treatment, organ transplantation, age, or other causes. These individuals may continue to be at risk of COVID-19 infection due to a weak immune response, which can be reflected in low antibody levels.
Additionally, how long COVID-19 vaccines will protect even healthy people is unknown at this point. Monitoring antibody levels over a period of months or years can provide a way to gauge the strength of the immune response as it changes.